Conditional
– If
Conditional
tenses are used to speculate about
what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In
English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many
conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of
the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past"
because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that
happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional
sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause
and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an
equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of
"if".
|
Conditional sentence type
|
Usage
|
If clause verb tense
|
Main clause verb tense
|
|
Zero
|
General truths
|
Simple present
|
Simple present
|
|
Type 1
|
A possible condition and its
probable result
|
Simple present
|
Simple future
|
|
Type 2
|
A hypothetical condition and its
probable result
|
Simple past
|
Present conditional or Present continuous
conditional
|
|
Type 3
|
An unreal past condition and its
probable result in the past
|
Past perfect
|
Perfect conditional
|
|
Mixed Type
|
An unreal past condition and its
probable result in the present
|
Past perfect
|
Present conditional
|
THE ZERO CONDITIONAL
The zero conditional is used for
when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and
possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The
tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional
sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word
"when" without changing the meaning.
|
If clause
|
Main clause
|
|
If +
simple present
|
simple
present
|
|
If this thing happens
|
that thing happens.
|
|
If you heat ice
|
it melts.
|
|
If it rains
|
the grass gets wet.
|
TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL
The type 1 conditional is used to
refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1
conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these
sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the
simple future.
|
If clause
|
Main clause
|
|
If +
simple present
|
simple
future
|
|
If this thing happens
|
that thing will happen.
|
|
If you don't
hurry
|
you will miss the train.
|
|
If it rains today
|
you will get wet.
|
TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL
The type 2 conditional is used to
refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These
sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a
hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional
sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the
present conditional.
|
If clause
|
Main clause
|
|
If +
simple past
|
present
conditional or present continuous conditional
|
|
If this thing happened
|
that thing would happen. (but I'm
not sure this thing will happen) OR that thing would be happening.
|
|
If you went to bed earlier
|
you would not be so tired.
|
|
If it rained
|
you would get wet.
|
|
If I spoke Italian
|
I would be working in Italy.
|
TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL
The type 3 conditional is used to
refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to
reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The
type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its
probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the
past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
|
If clause
|
Main clause
|
|
If +
past perfect
|
perfect
conditional or perfect continuous conditional
|
|
If this thing had happened
|
that thing would have happened.
(but neither of those things really happened) OR that thing would have been
happening.
|
|
If you had studied harder
|
you would have passed the exam.
|
|
If it had rained
|
you would have gotten wet
|
|
If I had accepted that promotion
|
I would have been working in
Milan.
|
MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL
The mixed type conditional is used
to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into
the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed.
The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its
probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if
clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
|
If clause
|
Main clause
|
|
If +
past perfect or simple past
|
present
conditional or perfect conditional
|
|
If this thing had happened
|
that thing would happen. (but this
thing didn't happen so that thing isn't happening)
|
|
If I had worked harder at school
|
I would have a better job now.
|
|
If we had looked at the map
|
we wouldn't be lost.
|
|
If you weren't afraid of spiders
|
you would have picked it up and
put it outside
|
Source: http://revivall17.blogspot.co.id/2016/04/conditional-if.html
Posting Komentar