Most of the time, a pronoun is used to replace a noun. The following are all pronouns: he, she, they, none, and which. There are lots more. As you can see, pronouns are usually short words. They are used to make sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive.
Types of Pronouns
1) Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns can be the subject of a clause or sentence. They are: I, he, she, it, they, we, and you. Example: “They went to the store.”
Personal pronouns can also be objective, where they are the object of a verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. They are: me, her, him, it, you, them, and us. Example: “David gave the gift to her.”
Possession can be shown by personal pronouns, like: mine, his, hers, ours, yours, its, and theirs. Example: “Is this mine or yours?”
2) Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns are often (but not always) found at the beginning of a sentence. More precisely, the subject of a sentence is the person or thing that lives out the verb.
Example: He and I had a fight. – This sentence has two subjects because he and I were both involved in the fight.
3) Object Pronouns
By contrast, objects and object pronouns indicate the recipient of an action or motion. They come after verbs and prepositions (to, with, for, at, on, beside, under, around, etc.).
Example: He said he'd given me enough time already.
4) Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns show ownership. The term possessive pronoun covers possessive adjectives and absolute possessive pronouns. Possessive pronouns are used to indicate who (or what) owns something. Like all pronouns, possessive pronouns take the place of nouns in sentences.
Examples of Possessive Pronouns
Below are examples of possessive pronouns. (There is a mix of possessive adjectives and absolute possessive pronouns.)
a) Take her spoon and put it by your plate.
(These are both possessive adjectives.)
b) His view is that it's come to the end of its working life.
(These are both possessive adjectives.)
c) Anyone who goes to a psychiatrist ought to have his head examined. (Samuel Goldwyn, 1882-1974)
(This is a possessive adjective.)
d) Humans are the only animals that have children on purpose with the exception of guppies, who like to eat theirs. (P J O'Rourke)
(This is an absolute possessive pronoun.)
e) We cherish our friends not for their ability to amuse us, but for ours to amuse them. (Evelyn Waugh, 1903-1966)
(our and their = possessive adjectives / ours = absolute possessive pronoun)
5) The demonstrative
The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those. Like all pronouns, they replace nouns. Demonstrative pronouns are used to replace specific people or things that have been previously mentioned (or are understood from context).
Example: “Those are totally awesome.”
6) Interrogative Pronouns
The main interrogative pronouns arewho, whom, whose, which, and what. (Whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever can also be interrogative pronouns.)
Example: “Who will you bring to the party?”, “Whose did they take?”
7) Indefinite Pronouns
An indefinite pronoun refers to a non-specific person or thing. The most common ones areall, any, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, and someone. Like all pronouns, an indefinite pronoun is a substitute for a noun.
Example: “Everyone is already here.” , “A classic is something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read.” (Mark Twain, 1835-1910)
8) Reciprocal Pronouns
A reciprocal pronoun expresses a mutual action or relationship. In English, the reciprocal pronouns are:
§ Each other
§ One another
Example: Jack and Jill hate each other.
(Note: Jack hates Jill, and Jill hates Jack. The action is reciprocated.)
The crayfish started attacking one another.
9) Relative Pronouns
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces an adjective clause. In English, the relative pronouns are: That, Which, Who, Whom, Whose
A relative pronoun is used to start a description for a noun. (This description is called an adjective clause or a relative clause.) The description comes after the noun to:
a) Identify it
For example: I saw the dog which ate the cake.
(The noun being identified is the dog.)
b) Tell us more information about it.
For example: Mrs Miggins, who owns a pie shop, is waiting outside.
(The noun is Mrs Miggins. The adjective clause tells us some information about her.)
10) Reflexive Pronouns
The reflexive pronouns aremyself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. These words can be either reflexive pronouns or emphatic pronouns. Using a reflexive pronoun means you do not have to repeat the subject.
Example: Alison still does not trust herself.
(Alison does not trust Alison.)
11) Intensive Pronouns
The intensive pronouns (also called emphatic pronouns) aremyself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. These words can be either intensive pronouns or reflexive pronouns.
An intensive pronoun refers back to another noun (or pronoun) in the sentence to emphasize it. For example:
§ The mayor himself attended the ceremony.
(The mayor is the noun being intensified. It is called the antecedent of the intensive pronoun.)
When used for emphasis, a word like himself is called an intensive pronoun (which is also known as an emphatic pronoun).
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