A. Subject
In English grammar, a subject is one of the two main parts of a sentence.
(The other main part is the predicate.) The subject is sometimes called the
naming part of a sentence or clause. The subject usually appears before the
predicate to show (a) what the sentence is about, or (b) who or what performs
the action. As show below, the subject is commonly a noun, pronoun, or noun
phrase.
Types of Subjects
A subject may be one word or several words.
1) The subject may be just a single word: a noun or a pronoun. In
this first example, the proper noun Felix is the subject of the sentence:
Felix laughed.
In the next example, the personal pronoun he is the subject:
He laughed.
2) The subject may be a noun phrase--that is, a word group made up
of a head noun and any modifiers, determiners (such as the, a, her), and/or
complements. In this example, the subject is The first person in line:
The first person in line spoke to the television reporter.
3) Two (or more) nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases may be linked by
and to make a compound subject.
Examples of Subjects
1) Time flies.
2) We will try.
3) The Johnsons have returned.
4) Dead men tell no tales.
5) Our school cafeteria always smelled like stale cheese and dirty
socks.
B. Verb
Definition: Verbs are a class of
words used to show the performance of an action (do, throw, run), existence
(be), possession (have), or state (know, love) of a subject. To put it simply a
verb shows what something or someone does.
For example:
* Paul rides a bicycle.
* Here, the verb rides certainly denotes an action which Paul performs -
the action of riding a bicycle.
* We buy some books to learn English verbs.
* In this example, the action word is "to buy". It tells us that
the subject "we", that is the person who performs the action of the
verb is "buying some books".
The verb tense shows the time of the action or state. Aspect shows whether
the action or state is completed or not. Voice is used to show relationships
between the action and the people affected by it. Mood shows the attitude of
the speaker about the verb, whether it is a declaration or an order. Verbs can
be affected by person and number to show agreement with the subject.
Most statements in speech and writing have a main verb. These verbs are
expressed in "tenses" which place everything in a point in time.
Verbs are conjugated (inflected) to reflect how they are used. There are
two general areas in which conjugation occurs; for person and for tense.
Conjugation for tense
Conjugation for tense is carried out on all verbs. All conjugations start
with the infinitive form of the verb.
The infinitive is simply the to form of the verb For example, to begin.
The present participle form (the -ing form), is formed by adding ing to the
bare infinitive. For example, to begin - beginning.
There are two other forms that the verb can take, depending on the tense
type and time, the simple past form and the past participle.
The form of the verb or its tense can tell when events take place.
For example, the verb kiss:
Present Simple: kiss/kisses
Past Simple: kissed
Future Simple: will kiss
Present Perfect: has/have kissed
Past Perfect: had kissed
Future Perfect: will have kissed
Present Continuous (Progressive): is/am/are kissing
Past Continuous (Progressive): was kissing
Future Continuous (Progressive): will be kissing
Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive): has/have been kissing
Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive): had been kissing
Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive): will have been kissing
Conjugation for person
Conjugation for person occurs when the verb changes form, depending on
whether it is governed by a first, second, or third person subject. This gives
three conjugations for any verb depending on who is acting as the subject of
the verb. For example: we have I begin, you begin , and he begins. Note that
only the third conjunction really shows a difference.
In English, we distinguish between regular and irregular verbs. Regular
verbs are those ones which form their past simple and past participle just by
adding "-ed" to the base of the verb. The rest are irregular.
For example:
* Dracula bites his victims on the neck.
* In early October, Giselle will plant twenty tulip bulbs.
* She travels to work by train.
* We walked five miles to a garage.
C. Complement
A complement is the part of a
Sentence that comes after the VERB and is needed to make the sentence
complete. The following are the most important types of complement used in
English:
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
Eg: He’s a surveyor. (The Subject is completed by the complement to the verb. This is a Copula
Verb.
Eg: He’s a surveyor. (The Subject is completed by the complement to the verb. This is a Copula
Verb.
OBJECT COMPLEMEN
Eg: She sent him the fax. (The setence is completed by telling us what she sent to him.)
Eg: She sent him the fax. (The setence is completed by telling us what she sent to him.)
ADJECTIVAL COMPLEMENT
Eg: They’ll be happy. (The sentence is completed by the Adjective; this could be extended further,
they’ll be happy to see us, etc..)
Eg: They’ll be happy. (The sentence is completed by the Adjective; this could be extended further,
they’ll be happy to see us, etc..)
PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT
Eg: They talked about what needed doing. (The setence is completed by the Phrase linked to
the verb by the Preposition.)
Eg: They talked about what needed doing. (The setence is completed by the Phrase linked to
the verb by the Preposition.)
D. Modifier
A modifier is a word, phrase, or
clause which functions as an adjective or an adverb to describe a word or make
its meaning more specific.
Examples of Modifiers
Modifiers can play the roles of adjectives or adverbs.
Modifiers As Adjectives
When a modifier is an adjective, it modifies a noun or a pronoun. (In these
examples, the modifiers are shaded, and the words being modified are bold).
1) Lee caught a small mackerel.
(Here, the adjective small modifies the noun mackerel.)
2) Lee caught a small mackerel.
(Don't forget that articles (i.e., the, an, and a) are adjectives too.
Here, a modifies the noun mackerel as does small.)
3) Lee caught another one.
(Here, the adjective another modifies the pronoun one.)
Modifiers As Adverbs
When a modifier is an adverb, it modifies a verb, an adjective, or another
adverb. For example:
1) Lee accidentally caught a small whelk.
(Here, the adverb accidentally modifies the verb caught.)
2) Lee caught an incredibly small mackerel.
(Here, the adverb incredibly modifies the adjective small.)
3) Lee supposedly accidentally caught a small whelk.
(Here, the adverb supposedly modifies the adverb accidentally.)
Sumber:
http://nurazmilubis.blogspot.co.id/2015/04/subject-verb-complement-and-modifier.html
https://safiram.wordpress.com/2015/04/15/sentence-patterrn-subject-verb-complement-and-modifier/
http://novipuspitasari165.blogspot.co.id/2016/03/subject-verb-complement-modifier.html
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